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Sometimes a process requires more memory than is available (too many other processes running, for example). It must provide all processes with adequate amounts of memory, and some processes require a lot of it. The kernel also manages memory, a key element of any system.The kernel manages all of this outside of the user’s awareness. Frequently processes also need to communicate with one another, sending and receiving information that allows other actions to be performed. The management of these can be very complicated because one process often calls another (referred to as forking in Unix). Processes are executed programs (called jobs or tasks in some operating systems) that have owners -human or systems- who initiate their calling or execution. One of the most important functions of the kernel is to facilitate the creation and management of processes.Because the kernel deals with very low-level tasks, such as accessing the hard drive or managing multitasking, and is not user friendly, it is generally not accessed by the regular user.

It is the kernel that allows the system to run in multiuser (more than one user can access the system at the same time, concurrently), multitasking (more than one program seems to running at the same time) mode.Ī kernel is built for the specific hardware on which it is operating, so a kernel built for a Sun Sparc machine can’t be run on an Intel processor machine without modifications. These are all called autonomous functions, in that they are run without instructions by a user process.

any other critical functions required by the operating system.

It provides the core capabilities of the system and allows processes (say rawly programs in execution) to access the hardware in an orderly manner. The kernel is the lowest layer (in our users prspective) of the Unix system.

The components that make up the Unix operating system are: the kernel, the shell, the file system, and the utilities (applications).

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